RANGE | OPTIMUM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate (CuSO4 * 5H2O) | 60-90 g/l | 75 g/l | ||
Copper Metal | 15-22.5 g/l | 18.75 g/l | ||
Sulphuric Acid (96% Pure Grade) | 185-195 g/l | 190 g/l | ||
Chloride Ion | 40-80 g/l | 60 ppm | ||
CU 230 Brightener Make-Up | 0.5-7.5 ml/l | 3 ml/l | ||
CU 230 Carrier Make-Up | 3-15 ml/l | 7.5 ml/l | ||
Temperature | 20-30°C | 25°C | ||
Cathode Curren Density | 0.5-5 A/dm2 | |||
Anode Current Density | 0.75-2.0 A/dm2 | |||
Anode to Cathode Distance | 15-30 cm (20 cm optimum) | |||
Agitation: Reciprocal Cathode Rod and Oil Free Air Sparger/E-ductors | Vigorous air movement: • 0.035 kg/cm2 for each meter of solution depth • 0.09 - 0.18 m3/min for each meter of sparger length from pumps or E-ductors and cathode rod 5-10cm excursion, 4-5 cycles/min. | |||
Filtration Rate | 3 tank volume turnovers per hour | |||
Deposition Rate | 42μm/hour at 3A/dm2 and under at optimum operating parameters |